Every year, about 50,000 women are diagnosed with uterine or endometrial cancer. It is more prevalent among women after menopause and occurs at the ages between 50 and 60 and more so among women who are obese. The most common symptoms are a pain in the abdomen and the pelvic area, heavy or abnormal vaginal bleeding and pain during intercourse. Causes No specific causes have yet been isolated for uterine cancer, but a careful analysis of patients have helped doctors identify risk factors for women. It should also be noted that women who have one or more of the risk factors identified can live a healthy life without cancer. Hormones The balance of estrogen and progesterone is affected during and after menopause and the changes in these hormone levels increase the risk of endometrial cancer as the ovaries stop producing these hormones. Estrogen therapy Many women undergo hormone therapy during menopause to reduce symptoms of hot flashes and to prevent osteoporosis. Sometimes women take estrogen hormones without progesterone. This puts them at risk. Both have to taken together not only to improve menopausal symptoms but also to reduce the risk of uterine cancer. Long years of menstruation Women who had their menarche – their first period – very early and their menopause in their middle or later 50s are at risk.

The pancreas is that part of the body which helps in the digestion process by releasing enzymes, and it also releases some hormones which assist in the management of blood sugar levels. The type of cancer that affects the tissues of the pancreas is known as pancreatic cancer. This cancer spreads to the nearby organs rapidly, and it is difficult to diagnose this condition in its initial stages. However, it is possible to diagnose this condition if a patient has diabetes along with weight loss, jaundice or pain in the stomach and back. Causes There is no clear cause of pancreatic cancer, but according to many doctors, smoking plays a role in its development. The pancreas is about six inches long, and it looks like a pear. It is located behind the lower part of the stomach, and it lies horizontally. Mostly, pancreatic cancer develops in the body due to mutation of the pancreas’s DNA. Because of these mutations, the cells of the pancreas start growing uncontrollably, and ultimately, they may damage the healthy cells. If left untreated for a long time, these abnormal cells accumulate and form a tumor in the pancreas, which could then spread to other body parts.

What is ovarian cancer? The ovaries are the part of the feminine reproductive system that produce eggs each month throughout a woman’s reproductive years. Ovaries are a pair of small almond-shaped organs. They are located on either side of the womb or uterus, and produce eggs. This female internal reproductive organ cancer, that is, ovarian cancer occurs once cells within the ovary grow and divide uncontrollably. Ovarian cancer can begin in the ovary’s different cells, which are: Germ cells – the cells that grow and finally turn into eggs Stromal cells – the cells that make up the substance of the ovary Epithelial cells – the cells that make the outer layer of the ovary How common is ovarian cancer? This cancer majorly affects women who have been through menopause, typically after the age of 50, but sometimes younger women are also affected by it. Ovarian cancer is the eighth commonest cancer in women. It’s the fifth leading explanation for cancer-related deaths in women throughout the world, and it is the tenth most common cancer among the American female population. What are the symptoms of ovarian cancer? The initial symptoms are abnormalities of the epithelial duct, frequent bloating, frequent and urgent urination, back pain, heartburn or indigestion, pain during sexual intercourse, pain in the lower abdomen, and these symptoms are similar to those of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), IBS ( Irritable Bowel Syndrome), or a temporary bladder issue that makes it hard to diagnose it early.

Once you have been diagnosed with multiple myeloma, the next step involves determining the stage of the disease. Determining the stage is a way for the doctors to describe the location of tumor cells, if and to what organ they have spread, and whether they are affecting other parts of the body. Also, staging multiple myeloma helps the doctors to devise the best treatment and prognosis for the condition. Describing myeloma as symptomatic or asymptomatic Generally, the first step of staging the disease begins with categorizing the cancer as indicative or not. For this, the doctors look at the results acquired from various diagnostic tests such as blood and urine test, imaging scans, and others. An acronym CRAB is used to describe the criteria they are looking at: C – Calcium evaluation R – Renal insufficiency A – Anemia B – Bone anomalies In case the condition does not cause any of these symptoms, it is known as smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM). The revised international staging system (RISS) Nowadays, multiple myeloma is staged using the RISS approach, i.e. Revised International Staging System. This includes checking: The quantity of albumin in the blood: Albumin is a specific kind of protein produced by the liver.

Breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer diagnosed and also the second highest cause of death due to cancer among women. Breast cancer can also affect men, but it is rarely seen. If diagnosed in time, it can be treated and cured. To confirm a diagnosis of breast cancer, doctors may use many tools: Breast exam The doctor will manually check the breasts and the lymph nodes in the armpits for the presence of any lumps or abnormalities. A breast exam can be conducted by an individual themselves as well. Mammogram A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast. If any abnormalities are seen on this mammogram, further tests may be recommended. Breast ultrasound This involves projecting sound waves toward the breasts to produce images of the tissues inside. This is often used after a lump has been detected to check whether it is filled with fluid or is a solid cyst. Biopsy A tissue biopsy is the only conclusive way of confirming a breast cancer diagnosis. A special needle is guided by an imaging device to the suspicious area to extract a tissue sample. This sample is then tested in a laboratory to check whether the mass is cancerous.